ZenToks Publication

CHAPTER 1

EMERGING TECHNIQUES IN MALARIA DIAGNOSIS

Abstract/Preface

Malaria diagnosis plays a crucial role in effective disease management, surveillance, and control. Traditional diagnostic methods such as microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) have limitations in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and differentiation between malaria species. To overcome these challenges, emerging techniques in malaria diagnosis have been developed, leveraging advancements in molecular biology, immunology, and technology. This review provides an overview of these emerging techniques and their implications for malaria control programs. The historical perspective highlights the evolution of malaria diagnosis techniques, including the use of microscopy and RDTs. However, these conventional methods face challenges in detecting low-level parasitemia and differentiating between malaria species. Molecular techniques, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP), nucleic acid amplification-based assays, and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), have significantly enhanced diagnostic accuracy and the detection of drug-resistant strains. Immunoassays, including serological assays and antigen detection methods such as Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and immunochromatographic tests, have expanded the range of diagnostic tools. Additionally, host-response-based diagnostic approaches provide insights into the immune response to malaria infection. Novel technologies, including point-of-care devices, miniaturized platforms, biosensors, and lab-on-a-chip technologies, offer rapid and accessible diagnostic options. Furthermore, imaging techniques and digital pathology enable precise malaria detection and analysis. Diagnostic challenges in malaria elimination and control, such as asymptomatic and submicroscopic infections, and the impact of drug resistance on diagnosis, are discussed. Resource-limited settings face unique challenges, including limited infrastructure and trained personnel. Integration of diagnostics with surveillance and public health strategies allows for real-time data exchange and targeted interventions. The implications of emerging techniques in malaria diagnosis are significant. They enhance patient management, provide insights into malaria epidemiology, drug resistance patterns, and transmission dynamics, and support evidence-based decision-making. Future research should focus on improving sensitivity and specificity, cost-effectiveness, scalability, and strengthening surveillance systems. By addressing these recommendations, the field can contribute to global malaria control and elimination efforts.

How to Cite: Nyenke, C.U. (2024). Emerging Techniques in Malaria Diagnosis. In A. Sreenivasan, P.D. Deepa, K. Chitambare, & I. Khan (Eds.), Issues on Health Science (Vol. 1, pp. 1–16). ZenToks Publication, India.